Division of Natural Sciences

The only way to make beef and dairy more climate-friendly? Stop producing it

Rachel Sauer — Tue, 28 Jul 2026 19:37:16 +0000

The only way to make beef and dairy more climate-friendly? Stop producing it Rachel Sauer Tue, 07/28/2026 - 13:37

Tiffany Plate

CU �ֲ��ý researcher Cliff Bueno de Mesquita and colleagues are showing why microbial solutions to livestock methane emissions reductions won’t stop beef and dairy’s environmental and health problems

By nature, cows are gassy creatures. But it’s not just the stink of their manure or their belches that are troublesome. The methane gas released by ruminants like cows (or bison, sheep or goats) also causes a lot of trouble for the planet.

That’s because methane is a potent greenhouse gas with a dramatically higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide. And ruminants raised for food account for 14% of global methane emissions.

Over the last decade or so scientists have been hard at work figuring out how to infuse cows’ feedstock with additives that inhibit methane-producing microbes. The process could reduce those methane emissions and potentially produce a more “climate-friendly” beef.

Cliff Bueno de Mesquita, who studies microbial ecology of permafrost and ancient sediments in the lab of ecology and evolutionary biology Professor Noah Fierer and in the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, teamed up with other microbiologists passionate about environmental issues for this perspective piece. (Photo: Cliff Bueno de Mesquita)

Sounds like a win-win, right? A new perspective piece by Cliff Bueno de Mesquita (PhDEBio'19), a research associate in the lab of ecology and evolutionary biology Professor Noah Fierer and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), says otherwise.

“Even if you could decrease cows’ methane emissions by 100%, cows are still worse than plant-based agriculture for their land use, water use, pollution and impacts on human health,” says Bueno de Mesquita.

In their piece in the journal Sustainable Agriculture, Bueno de Mesquita and a team of microbiologist colleagues outline all the reasons that altering cows’ rumen microbes is a misdirected use of time, money and energy. “This is basically distracting from what we really need to be doing, which is reducing the ruminant population size,” he says.

This conclusion—that reducing the numbers of ruminants raised for food is the only solution to actually reducing livestock’s impact on the planet—has already been drawn by researchers around the world.

“There are a lot of great scientists working on this topic, with strong data sets that have been assembled with all of the evidence,” says Bueno de Mesquita.

Bueno de Mesquita and his colleagues cited 98 studies, to be exact, in their peer-reviewed opinion piece that re-emphasizes the personal and planetary benefits of a shift to a plant-based diet—and lays out exactly why rumen microbes are not the answer.

The problem with microbes

Some of the literature references cited in the piece are studies that have been done on the most common feed additives that have been studied for methane inhibition: seaweed and 3-nitrooxypropanol (or Bovaer). The research shows that the demonstrated efficacy of these microbes is extremely variable, with one review reporting a range of 10–63% reduction and another review reporting a range of a 4% increase to a 97% reduction.

Bueno de Mesquita and colleagues are also concerned that altering rumen microbes may lead to unpredictable health effects for the cattle, and may even decrease immunity to pathogens that could be detrimental to human health.

Another reason for concern? This method favors intensive beef production, where cattle are fed in feedlots rather than on grass (as is more likely to be the case in small-holder production). Not to mention that seaweed harvesting has its own inherent carbon emissions and environmental impact.

But Bueno de Mesquita’s team points out that even if none of these were issues, methane reduction does nothing to address potent nitrogen emissions or other emissions from the rest of the production life cycle (e.g., land use, water use, fertilizer, crop residues, manure).

Bueno de Mesquita and colleagues created this graphic to demonstrate how many ways livestock production can impact the environment and human health—and how only one of these impacts is reduced by trying to alter the microbes in the rumen with feed additives. (Graphic: Cliff Bueno de Mesquita and Ylenia Vimercati Molano)

Shifting people’s perspectives

The authors wrote the piece to be accessible to non-scientists in hopes of reaching as wide an audience as possible. “I want the public to be aware and to be skeptical of labels coming from the beef and dairy industry that are calling those products climate friendly,” says Bueno de Mesquita.

Of course, he also hopes that people will consider simply shifting to a plant-based diet in order to make their meals more climate friendly. But he knows that’s easier said than done.

“We're basically living in a ‘carnistic’ society where eating meat is perceived to be normal, natural and necessary,” says Bueno de Mesquita. “That's sort of people's default. So when they’re met with a proposal for a minor shift that challenges that, we know there's gonna be pushback.”

Two years ago Bueno de Mesquita and his co-authors published another paper documenting a push within CU �ֲ��ý’s Ecology and Evolutionary Biology department for more plant-based meals. “The PhD students were very hesitant to implement a dietary change, even though they know that it's going to be better for the environment.”

Even still, Bueno de Mesquita says the current perspective piece is getting a lot of traction. “I basically never get emails about my research papers,” he says. “But I've already gotten emails from multiple people saying that they agree.” He adds that even some leading microbiologists have posted it on social media.

That’s key to reaching the other audience Bueno de Mesquita and colleagues wanted to address: the microbiologists actually doing the research on rumen microbes in livestock feed, usually funded by the beef and dairy industries, he says.

“They're enabling the dairy industry to say, ‘Hey, we're doing this research. This is going to work’,” says Bueno de Mesquita. “Then the industry has an excuse to keep business as usual.”

Instead, he hopes that microbiologists and other scientists studying climate change will step up and speak with a unified voice about what needs to be done as a society. “It's very obvious,” says Bueno de Mesquita. “If you want to reduce methane from ruminants, you need to decrease the number of ruminants.”

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Top photo: Unsplash

Yes, breathing wildfire smoke can harm your health

Rachel Sauer — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 22:09:03 +0000

Yes, breathing wildfire smoke can harm your health Rachel Sauer Mon, 07/27/2026 - 16:09

Colleen E. Reid

Here’s what you can do to protect yourself

Wildfire smoke from fires burning in Canada and northern Minnesota has been pouring across the Great Lakes and northeastern U.S. states, turning skies an eerie shade of orange. In the West, smoke has also been spreading into communities in Colorado and neighboring states as more wildfires burn in hot, dry conditions in July 2026.

University of Colorado environmental health researcher Colleen Reid explains what’s in that smoke and why breathing it is a health concern everyone should be aware of.

Colleen Reid is a CU �ֲ��ý associate professor of geography and director of the public health program.

What is in wildfire smoke?

Wildfire smoke is a complex mixture that includes nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and particulate matter. When homes or buildings also burn, they can release an even more toxic stew of chemicals from burning electronics, furniture, plastics, paints and much more.

What you see when you see a smoke plume or when the air is hazy with wildfire smoke are the tiny particles that are too small to fall to the ground right away with gravity.

These particles, which scientists call particulate matter, are very small – we measure them in microns. When you breathe them in, they can harm your health. The smaller the particles, the deeper they can get into your lungs and body.

You may have heard the term PM2.5. It means particles that are 2.5 microns or smaller in diameter, many times smaller than the width of a human hair. High concentrations of these particles in the air during wildfire smoke episodes are what trigger air quality alerts.

Has wildfire smoke been increasing recently, and why?

Yes, wildfires have become more frequent and more intense just in the past couple of decades, and when wildfires become more frequent and intense, so does the smoke.

Scientists have found that wildfires are becoming more frequent due to a variety of factors that include increases in fire weather – hot, dry, windy conditions that fuel the spread of fires due to climate change – as well as other natural and human factors. The reasons for the increases in wildfires vary in different parts of the world.

Other studies have found that wildfire smoke makes up an increasing portion of the PM2.5 in the air in the U.S., and in many areas it is offsetting the decreases in air pollution that the U.S. has gained through regulations of industrial and vehicle emissions under the Clean Air Act.

How could wildfire smoke affect my health?

Some effects of breathing wildfire smoke include shortness of breath, coughing, itchy or watery eyes, headaches, rashes and itchiness. But smoke can cause more serious harm. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that hospitalizations and emergency department visits for asthma and other respiratory diseases increase during wildfire smoke events.

After you breathe in the particles, they cause inflammation and oxidative stress, and they can move into the blood and spread throughout the body, affecting other organ systems.

Breathing wildfire smoke has been associated with higher risk of preterm births and other issues during pregnancy, and potentially cardiovascular problems such as heart attacks and strokes, although the evidence for these effects are more mixed.

The longer-term health effects of wildfire smoke are less clear, but it is a growing area of research.

New York City skyline shrouded in wildfire smoke from wildfires in 2023. (Photo: Ahmer Kalam/Unsplash)

Where can I learn more about wildfire smoke risks where I live?

The first thing to do to protect yourself from wildfire smoke is to know how bad the smoke is and how long it is going to last.

One great place to get information for where you live on current wildfire smoke is fire.airnow.gov. You can zoom in on the map to where you live and find color-coded circles reflecting data from both U.S. EPA air-quality monitors and PurpleAir sensors that people have put in their homes.

The colors show the level of PM2.5 at that location and suggest the associated health risk.

To find out how wildfire smoke is expected to change over time in North America, you can look at maps from FireSmoke Canada and the U.S. Interagency Wildland Fire Air Quality Response Program.

What can I do to protect myself and my family from wildfire smoke?

First of all, depending on the level of the air quality index where you are, there are different recommendations. When wildfire smoke reaches unhealthy levels, stay indoors as much as possible, with doors and windows shut to keep the wildfire smoke out.

If you have an air cleaner, use it, but check the filter, as filters can fill up quickly. Similarly, check the filter on your home HVAC system and replace it if needed.

If you have to go outside, consider wearing a well-fitting N95, KN95 or KF94 mask. These masks can protect you from inhaling particles in the air around you. Looser masks, such as surgical masks, mostly protect others from what you breathe out instead. They do not have a tight seal around your mouth, and when you breathe in, the air with all of the particles can find its way around the sides of the mask.

Having a tight fit of the mask to your face is important so that when you breathe, the air is going through the mask and capturing the smoke particles rather than letting them into your body where they cause harm.

If your home is leaky and you can see haze inside, consider going to a public space, such as a library or mall, with a good HVAC system. Some municipalities have designated clean air spaces where anyone can go.

Colleen E. Reid is an associate professor in the �ֲ��ý Department of Geography.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Here’s what you can do to protect yourself.

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Top photo: Fachy Marín/Unsplash

What ancient eggshells can tell us about extinction

Rachel Sauer — Tue, 21 Jul 2026 19:55:38 +0000

What ancient eggshells can tell us about extinction Rachel Sauer Tue, 07/21/2026 - 13:55

Tiffany Plate

CU �ֲ��ý Professor Emeritus Gifford Miller contributed to a new study that delivers a more accurate understanding of the extinction of one of Australia’s oversized flightless birds

Some people collect albums. Or coins. Or stamps. CU �ֲ��ý Professor Emeritus Gifford Miller collects the eggshells of large extinct flightless birds.

That collection came in handy for recent research that’s helping scientists understand more precisely when Genyornis newtoni went extinct in Australia—and whether humans were responsible for their extinction.

Genyornis is a genus of large flightless birds that roamed the Australian outback alongside modern-day emus; they reached heights of about 7 feet and weights upwards of 500 pounds.

Gifford Miller has spent some 20 seasons in the field in Australia collecting the well-preserved eggshells of flightless birds. The samples were pivotal to recent research determining the extinction date of the continent’s largest flightless bird. (Photo: Gifford Miller)

While emus—which are unrelated to Genyornis—survived, the majority of other megafauna on the continent went extinct around the time humans arrived (or just shortly after).

“There was a really big uncertainty in Australia as to how we get precise, reliable ages on when the actual Genyornis extinction occurred,” says Miller, a professor emeritus of earth science who is also the director for the Center for the Geochronological Analysis of the Global Environment at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR). “Radiocarbon dating wasn’t going to do it, and amino acid racemization wasn't going to do it at the precision we wanted.”

To get closer to the truth, Miller encouraged his colleague, Elizabeth Niespolo, a geologist at Princeton University, to try out a different method called uranium-thorium burial dating. The process relies on the eggshells to uptake uranium—which is plentiful in Australian soils—and then produce thorium as a byproduct of uranium decay.

The results of the research were published this summer in a new article in the journal Quaternary Science Reviews, which Miller co-authored.

The megafauna-human overlap

Previous dating methods posited that genyornis went extinct around 60,000–65,000 years ago. However, Niespolo found much different results.

“She thinks she has very firm extinction dates at about 45,000 years ago, which is quite a bit younger than a lot of other people think,” says Miller.

The date that humans arrived in Australia is also still up for debate, with some studies saying they showed up around 55,000 years ago, and others around 65,000 years ago (still a long time ago when the only way to reach the island at that time was via boat, Miller points out).

Either way, the new results would mean there was a very long period of time between the arrival of human colonizers and the extinction of genyornis.

“We’re basically left with two options: either there is a long overlap, which is unusual relative to almost all other human-faunal extinction overlaps, or the early human colonization dates are too old,” says Miller. “Both are plausible.”

Predation or fire?

Now, scientists are left to continue zeroing on that human arrival date, as well as the method by which humans managed to make so many species go extinct.

Genyornis newtoni was one of many species of megafauna that disappeared from Australia around the time of human colonization. (Illustration: Peter Trusler/Monash University)

“There are two options, and both have some strength behind them,” says Miller. “One of them would be predation, particularly of genyornis eggs.” Many eggshells were found with evidence of contact with fire, he says, meaning they were either cooked directly over a fire or discarded near one. “Clearly people were utilizing these eggs as a food source.”

The birds themselves might also have made their way to the dinner plate. “These are very big birds, much bigger than emu,” says Miller. “So, they would be a meal for a whole family for a week or two.”

For his part, Miller is partial to another theory: that humans impacted the landscape by systematic burning of vegetation that was genyornis’ primary food source.

“We have independent evidence from the emu—including a continuous time series from the present back through the extinction window—that shows the entire ecosystem shifted about 45,000 years ago in the central desert area where these birds are most common,” says Miller.

Leveraging the eggshells for further research

Miller is hoping that he and Niespolo might be able to use her now-proven dating methods on other eggshells in his collection to learn everything they can about the last 100,000 years or so on the continent.

“I have this tremendous geographic spread of samples from all across Australia,” says Miller, who hopes they might use that reservoir of material to determine whether the extinction dates changed based on location. “Did it happen earlier or later on the south coast? Or up in the far north near Darwin where the first people must have arrived?”

Miller also believes they can learn more about the historical temperature gradient of Australia using Niespolo’s dating methods on his collection.

“There are some interesting little tidbits that she and I are kicking around,” Miller says. “We’re looking to put together more projects that might capitalize on this amazing resource of samples I have.”

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CU �ֲ��ý Professor Emeritus Gifford Miller contributed to a new study that delivers a more accurate understanding of the extinction of one of Australia’s oversized flightless birds.

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Top photo: Gifford Miller

Project puts fossil records at the world’s fingertips

Rachel Sauer — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 21:41:51 +0000

Project puts fossil records at the world’s fingertips Rachel Sauer Tue, 06/30/2026 - 15:41

Tiffany Plate

A major digitization project at CU �ֲ��ý’s Natural History Museum is helping researchers around the world collaborate like never before

Imagine being able to see the hairs on a 45-million-year-old fly. Without a microscope. In a lab 5,000 miles away from the museum where it’s stored.

Public images with that level of detail are the result of a major digitization project that has been going on at CU �ֲ��ý’s Museum of Natural History for more than a decade. The museum team has been diligently snapshotting and recording data about the museum’s collections, then sharing them to open-source databases that are available to researchers around the world. These efforts, which span the Museum’s collections departments, reflect a shared commitment to making specimens and data more accessible for researchers around the world.

The museum’s Paleontology Department, specifically, has shared more than 1 million specimen records to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)—many with high-resolution images to accompany them—from across the museum’s collections.

“It’s been really key to getting our collection used more,” says Talia Karim, collections manager of invertebrate paleontology at the museum. “We’ve had graduate students in other countries find those images on GBIF and then request higher-resolution images they can publish in a paper.”

As collections manager of invertebrate paleontology, Talia Karim has led major projects to digitize the museum’s fossil collections and publish the resulting data so it can be used by researchers around the world. (Photo: Patrick Campbell/CU �ֲ��ý)

The project was made possible through the National Science Foundation’s Advancing Digitization of Biodiversity Collections (ADBC) funding opportunity, which was designed to advance scientific knowledge by improving access to digitized information in U.S. collections.

Now, with the help of a new grant, Karim is working with end users to refine their data output and make sure it’s as usable as possible for people looking to leverage these collections.

To that end, this April, Karim and her team hosted a workshop at CU, gathering paleontology collections managers from around the country, many of whom received funding from the ADBC grant to digitize their own collections.

“We brought all these people together to talk about what’s next,” says Karim. “How can we keep working together to digitize more data or improve the quality of the data to make sure it’s being used?”

The digitization process

With the help of CU graduate students, and some high-tech imaging systems, there are now nearly 57,000 invertebrate fossil records on GBIF that feature two-dimensional images, alongside information about the fossil’s geologic and geographic contexts.

Capturing those images requires a multi-step process. “We're putting a specimen under the camera, and then we're taking images at multiple focal depths,” says Karim. “Then we merge those so that you have a very small thing that's totally in focus in a 2D image.”

Because these are fossils, and don’t have any genetic data to share, researchers need to have a crisp, clear view of the specimen’s morphology in order for the fossil to be useful.

“That’s why it’s important to have those really in-focus, high-resolution photographs,” says Karim. “And some of the morphology on the fossil insects is incredibly preserved. You can see all the venation on the wings of a dragonfly. Or you can zoom in on a fly and see all these little hairs. And they're 45 million years old!”

Karim’s team made use of two NSF grants, Fossil Insect Collaborative and Cretaceous Worlds, to document not only the Museum’s fossil insect collections but also its Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway fossil collection, which features ammonites and clams that were left behind when Colorado was underwater 100 million years ago.

Putting data to good use

Now that those specimens are available on GBIF, they’re facilitating a lot more research connections. Last year Karim was contacted by a French graduate student who had discovered a fossilized ancient sawfly that was first discovered in Colorado’s Florissant Formation and is now part of the museum’s collections.

“He found more things he wanted to work on, and then he shared it with his lab mate, and his lab mate found things in our collection,” says Karim. “But as grad students, they weren’t going to come all the way here from France to look at one specimen.” Instead, Karim’s team was able to use their imaging equipment to take whatever custom high-resolution images they needed.

Karim also points out that having data from a huge number of specimens allows for a more automated aggregation of data to answer big questions about, say, global species distributions through time.

This image of an ancient picture-winged fly was taken from the museum’s fossil insect collections and is just one of more than a million entries CU has submitted to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database. (Photo: CU Museum of Natural History)

"Museum collections allow us to ask questions that span hundreds of millions of years, revealing how life evolved and how ecosystems responded to a changing world,” says Carl Simpson, associate professor of earth science.

“Digitization allows those collections to power the science of the future,” Simpson adds. “And then by combining museum collections with artificial intelligence, we can accelerate the pace of biodiversity and evolutionary research."

In that vein, Simpson is leveraging the stellar imagery Karim’s team created, along with AI, to identify characteristics in bryozoans, a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals that he studies. “AI gives us new tools to ask questions at a scale that would have been impossible only a few years ago,” Simpson says.

Fine tuning their output

As co-PI of their current grant, Simpson is serving as a sort of end user test case for Karim’s team to see how the data is being used. But Karim is also gathering input from everyone involved in the process through a series of workshops.

The most recent workshop was the third such gathering planned to help execute Karim’s current Geosciences Open Science Ecosystem grant. The first, which took place in 2024, included paleontologists and researchers who helped Karim’s team determine how their digitized files could be more useful. “We asked, have we digitized the kinds of things that they need for their research?” Karim says. “Can they retrieve the kind of information that they need for their research? What’s missing?”

In 2025, the workshop brought together people who develop cyber-infrastructure tools for databases like GBIF. They shared some researcher feedback and asked them how they might address that feedback from an IT perspective to ensure their systems are actually user friendly. (Karim adds that often in academia systems get built without ever talking to the people who are using what's being built. “So, we're trying to bridge that gap a little bit!”)

Before Karim’s grant wraps up next spring, she and her team will integrate learnings from these information-gathering sessions into a “Paleo Data Roadmap,” featuring recommendations for developers of cyber infrastructure or data standards about how to increase data usability.

Karim looks forward to the increased connections—not just with her fellow collections managers, but from researchers around the world—that have resulted from their digitization efforts. “I love seeing the types of research that people are doing,” she says. “And I also really like helping people with their research. That makes me very happy.”

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A major digitization project at CU �ֲ��ý’s Natural History Museum is helping researchers around the world collaborate like never before.

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CU �ֲ��ý graduate student wins DOE award, joins NASA-DARES

Rachel Sauer — Tue, 16 Jun 2026 15:53:07 +0000

CU �ֲ��ý graduate student wins DOE award, joins NASA-DARES Rachel Sauer Tue, 06/16/2026 - 09:53

Kayleigh Wood

Earth science PhD candidate Catherine Fontana will pursue cyanobacterial biofilm research at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Catherine Fontana, a geobiology PhD candidate in the �ֲ��ý Department of Earth Science and the Interdisciplinary Quantitative Biology Program, was recently selected for the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Science Graduate Student Research (SCGSR) award for her research on cyanobacterial biofilms.

The highly competitive program offers PhD candidates in various STEM fields the opportunity to advance their thesis research at one of DOE’s research facilities alongside a DOE national laboratory scientist. Additionally, awardees are eligible to receive a stipend for general living expenses and inbound and outbound transportation.

“The DOE SCGSR program allows me to study microbial processes using cutting-edge analytical techniques and world-class facilities that are a hallmark of the Department of Energy national laboratories,” Fontana says.

PhD candidate Catherine Fontana was recently selected for the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Science Graduate Research (SCGSR) award for her research on cyanobacterial biofilms.

In the Department of Earth Science, Fontana is co-advised by stable isotope geochemist Boswell Wing and microbial physiologist Sebastian Kopf. Her research on cyanobacterial biofilms seeks to understand the connections between microbial physiology, mineral precipitation and stromatolite (a layered, rock-like formation built by microbial communities) formation using stable isotope geochemistry and experimental evolution.

From October 2026 to April 2027, Fontana’s SCGSR award will support her study at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, where she will work closely with Rhona Stuart, who leads the DOE’s MicroBiospheres Scientific Focus Area. The DOE laboratory offers Fontana the opportunity to leverage a stable isotope technique called NanoSIMS to track variation in stable isotope composition at the micron-scale level.

The project, “Tracking Carbon Flow in Cyanobacteria Biofilms and Their Mineral Byproduct,” explores “how carbon moves through cyanobacterial biofilms and the extent to which this carbon contributes to minerals they make, like carbonate, that eventually turns them into rocks, like stromatolites,” she explains, adding that her work is especially meaningful in the context of developing next-generation biotechnologies in which cyanobacteria and their biofilms may be an innovative foundation for bioeconomy products.

Charting the future of NASA astrobiology

Additionally, after a highly competitive open-call application, Fontana was selected as one of nine early-career scientists to serve on the 49-member NASA-DARES Task Force 2. Composed of members of the astrobiology community, NASA-DARES, or NASA’s Decadal Astrobiology Research and Exploration Strategy, will serve as a roadmap for the organization’s future astrobiology research, which aims to understand life’s origins, evolution and distribution across the universe.

Since January, NASA-DARES Task Force 2 has been building on the nine major focus areas—which include comparative planetology to understand habitability and astrobiology in society, among others—identified by Task Force 1 by gathering community input through virtual webinars and public discussions. Task Force 2 is currently synthesizing community perspectives into a document outlining contemporary astrobiological interests, available opportunities and the diverse scientific approaches and disciplines in motion across NASA Science.

As the executive secretary of Focus Area 8, Early Career and Workforce Development, Fontana has worked with her team to solicit and synthesize community input regarding how NASA can best support early-career astrobiologists and develop the field over the next decade.

“As an early career researcher passionate about the future of astrobiology, I am profoundly honored to be part of NASA-DARES,” says Fontana. “As the only early-career member of the ‘Early Career and Workforce Development’ focus area, I feel a strong responsibility to represent early-career voices and perspectives. This role provides me with a unique opportunity to help shape the chapter’s findings and contribute to pivotal conversations about the future of astrobiology.”

NASA-DARES is still soliciting feedback: The public comment period for NASA-DARES is open this month and close July 2. The final NASA-DARES document will be shared at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) meeting in December.

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Earth science PhD candidate Catherine Fontana will pursue cyanobacterial biofilm research at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

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Can evolutionary rescue help even long-lived species from going extinct?

Rachel Sauer — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 17:44:14 +0000

Can evolutionary rescue help even long-lived species from going extinct? Rachel Sauer Tue, 06/09/2026 - 11:44

Tiffany Plate

Two CU �ֲ��ý researchers are helping clarify how species’ populations with longer lives can still adapt to a changing climate

Our warming climate is leaving many plant and animal species with a choice: either adapt, find a new home or risk extinction. Fortunately, throughout the history of life on Earth, a concept called evolutionary rescue has stepped in to help species adapt to new environments and climates.

Evolutionary rescue is a biological process where natural selection favors the individuals of a species that carry genetics best suited to the new climate. These individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce and are therefore able to better propagate future generations to ensure survival of the species.

Scott Nordstrom (left) earned his PhD from CU �ֲ��ý in 2023 under the advisorship of Brett Melbourne. (right), professor of ecology and evolutionary biology (Left photo from Scott Nordstrom; right photo from Brett Melbourne)

For example, a smaller bat may be better able to weather a hot summer with multiple heat waves. Or a monkeyflower that's better able to retain water in its leaves may have a better chance of surviving a megadrought. These genetic anomalies help move the population toward survival, instead of extinction.

In the face of anthropogenic climate change, however, conservationists are worried that species with the longest life spans—like giant pandas, elephants, or sequoia trees, for which new generations take years to decades—will be too slow to adapt and avoid extinction.

A mathematical model developed by Scott Nordstrom (PhDEBio’23) proved that that’s not always the case, however. As part of his doctoral dissertation, Nordstrom, in partnership with Brett Melbourne, a �ֲ��ý professor of ecology and evolutionary biology, set out to determine just how true it was that long-lived species were resigned to their fate. Their findings were published in The American Naturalist in May 2026.

Their model contributes to conversations about conservation, especially when it comes to extinction concerns. “A lot of the more endangered species or the populations that are at higher risk of extinction tend to be longer lived,” says Nordstrom. “So, it's especially relevant for thinking about conservation.”

Shifting focus: From flour beetles to tortoises

Before taking on this project, Nordstrom and Melbourne had been working with colleagues at Colorado State University to understand the evolutionary rescue patterns of flour beetles, which live for about a month before a new generation is birthed.

“We found that genetic diversity of the population is really critical for allowing rapid adaptation to occur,” says Melbourne. “And that got us thinking about how things could be really different for longer-lived species.”

Large tree species, like the Giant Sequoia, can live for thousands of years, but are now more endangered than ever due to increased wildfire activity in the American West. (Photo: Pexels)

The researchers set out t try to understand how relevant their findings were to species with longer lives.

Experimental work tracking the genetic variations in generations of long-lived species was not possible, however, so the pair created the next best thing: A flexible mathematical model and computer simulations that would allow them to map out potential evolutionary patterns of these species.

For each simulation, they input a sample population into the model, using “good” environmental factors (i.e., the climate that they were already adapted to). Then they switched those factors to “bad” (i.e., a climate with warmer temperatures or less water).

“Each individual’s survival depended on how well it was adapted to its environment, so when the environment shifted from good to bad, survival was low and the populations started shrinking,” says Nordstrom.

“But because there was genetic variation within the populations, some individuals were slightly better adapted to the bad environment, and those individuals were more likely to survive and pass on their genes, allowing the population to adapt,” he adds.

When nurture beats nature

Through their simulations, Nordstrom and Melbourne were also surprised to find that long-lived species can experience a complicated evolutionary dynamic in which a population’s traits seem to decouple from their genetics. In these cases, some random environmental event has affected an organism's trait in a way that turns out to be an advantage in the changed environment.

For example, an American alligator might be genetically predisposed to weigh 600 pounds but actually weighs 400 pounds because environmental factors impeded its growth in early development. Perhaps the alligator was born in a drought year, when typical prey like fish and turtles were scarce.

Ultimately, that smaller alligator may be able to survive heat extremes better in a hotter climate, thus slowing the rate of population decline. And because they are long-lived (up to 50 years), there is a good chance that there will be multiple small alligators in a population at once, thus changing the composition of that population in a way that slows the rate of population decline, allowing adaptation time to catch up and prevent extinction, the researchers speculate.

Researchers have long thought that species like the American alligator, which can live up to 50 years, are less likely to benefit from evolutionary rescue to help them adapt to changes in the climate of their habitats. (Photo: Unsplash)

Interestingly, those chances are much less likely to occur to short-lived species like flour beetles. Nordstrom says that’s because their short life spans don’t allow for their non-genetic phenotypic variation (like that seen in the undersized alligators) to remain in the population as time progresses; instead, only their genes are passed on to their offspring, and their offspring will thus not inherit their size advantage.

“The flour beetles just mate once and pass their genes forward,” says Nordstrom. “Next generation, repeat.”

That means that natural selection occurring within a generation can be important for evolutionary rescue in long-lived species. Previously, it was speculated that only evolution between generations determined whether populations could adapt to new conditions in time.

“This process of rescue is one part evolution and one part demography,” says Nordstrom. “In the race of evolution versus demography, this definitely helps the demography because it slows down population decline.”

He adds that this will be surprising to researchers who have up to this point only considered the evolutionary component here. “But we showed that the demography is actually super important, too.”

While Nordstrom and Melbourne can’t say that all long-lived species will benefit from their demography, Nordstrom says it’s important for future researchers and conservation managers to know that evolutionary rescue is not out of the question for endangered species like pandas and bison.

“Maybe it's a little bit more complicated than we thought,” says Nordstrom. “But this is the first major study finding that it’s not necessarily true that slower generational turnover guarantees that adaptation and evolution will be slower.”

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Two CU �ֲ��ý researchers are helping clarify how species’ populations with longer lives can still adapt to a changing climate.

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Think all that plastic is being recycled? Think again

Rachel Sauer — Thu, 04 Jun 2026 21:19:22 +0000

Think all that plastic is being recycled? Think again Rachel Sauer Thu, 06/04/2026 - 15:19

A man walking amid plastic waste on the Maldivian island of Thilafushi. (Photo: Dying Regime/Wikimedia Commons)

Ellen Considine

A lot of ‘recycled’ plastic is being burned overseas—and causing widespread pollution linked to health problems

Picture a pile of trash the size of Manhattan and taller than one and a half Empire State Buildings. That’s how much plastic waste the world is predicted to be generating every year by 2050 if nothing is done to change course.

It’s easy to think of recycling as the solution, but the vast majority of plastic waste now ends up in landfills, or worse.

A large amount of plastic waste gets shipped overseas. In a new study, my colleague and I analyzed what happens when plastic waste is shipped to lower- and middle-income countries, where open burning is a common way of dealing with excess waste. The result, we found, is pronounced increases in toxic air pollution.

Ellen Considine is a CU �ֲ��ý assistant professor of geography and fellow of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES).

Plastic waste burning and health impacts

Between 40% and 65% of total municipal solid waste is openly burned in low- and middle-income countries, largely as a result of 2 billion people around the world having no municipal solid waste collection.

Open burning occurs both intentionally and unintentionally, the latter when open dump sites containing organic waste spontaneously combust due to heat generated as the waste degrades.

When plastic burns, it releases particularly toxic air pollutants. Fine particles can penetrate deep into people’s bodies, along with gases that include carbon monoxide, styrene gas and hydrogen cyanide. It also releases persistent organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins. These particles and gases have been linked to health risks ranging from respiratory and cardiovascular disease to cancer and reproductive and neurological disorders.

The ash from open burning can also contaminate soil and groundwater with persistent organic pollutants, heavy metals and other toxicants, creating more chances for people to be exposed to them through food and water.

The global plastic waste trade

Large amounts of plastic waste are shipped around the world – some to be recycled and much to simply be disposed of in landfills or incinerated. In 2024, 9.34 million metric tons of plastic waste imports were reported, according to the United Nations.

Where this exported plastic waste ends up has been shifting.

In 2018, China stopped importing plastic waste, causing the total amount of plastic waste moving among countries – at least through official channels – to drop dramatically. Between 1992 and 2016, China’s plastic waste imports made up 45% of global imports.

In 2018, the flow moved to other countries, largely in Southeast Asia but also other locations, including Turkey. In 2018, Indonesia became a net importer of plastic waste. The majority of this waste came from Western Europe, Australia and North America.

What happened to Indonesia’s air quality

We harnessed data from multiple monitoring systems, including satellite observations and cargo ship tracking signals, to understand where these plastic waste imports went and how much air pollution was released by openly burning this waste.

As of 2020, the World Economic Forum and Indonesia’s government estimated that 48% of Indonesia’s plastic waste is openly burned.

We found that particulate matter air pollution – of great concern for health – increased an average of 3.3% at the locations of large open waste dump sites in Indonesia after China’s ban in 2018-19 relative to expected business as usual, based on data from 2012-17. We found increases up to 1.68 micrograms per cubic meter.

Based on risk estimates from a global study of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter, this corresponds to an approximate 1.5%, 1.9% and 3.5% increase in mortality risk from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and lower respiratory infections, respectively.

New constraints on the plastic waste trade

In 2021, Indonesia restricted the import of nonhazardous waste to 15 specific ports and in 2025 banned the import of plastic waste altogether.

A man walking amid plastic waste on the Maldivian island of Thilafushi. (Photo: Dying Regime/Wikimedia Commons)

In mid-2025, Malaysia followed suit, allowing plastic waste only from countries that have ratified the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal – a treaty that the U.S. has never ratified.

For these bans to be effective, these countries must also find ways to contend with illegal plastic waste shipments and paper imports contaminated by plastic waste.

Meanwhile, negotiations for an international, legally binding treaty on plastic waste, started in 2022, have stalled. In mid-2024 the European Union did pass a new regulation on waste shipments, prohibiting exporting plastic waste to countries outside the group of wealthy countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development from November 2026 to at least May 2029.

The effectiveness of these and future policies at reducing air pollution – and other kinds of environmental degradation – can be evaluated using methods like ours.

Ways to reduce plastic waste

As of 2021, only 5% to 6% of U.S. domestic plastic waste was recycled, according to estimates from the advocacy group Beyond Plastics and Bennington College. It is now even harder to export plastic waste to other countries that could “recycle” it.

Part of the problem is lack of capacity: The Association of Plastic Recyclers estimates that current plastic reclamation facilities in the U.S. and Canada could at most increase their plastic recycling by 35% to 44%, depending on the type of plastic, leading to a total recycling rate of 7% to 9%.

Ultimately, both decreasing plastic use and increasing recycling will likely be needed to solve the problem. Beyond consumer choices, packaging reuse – creating packaging and return systems that put the same materials back to work – can reduce the need for new plastics.

Recycling experts call for harmonized design standards to help streamline processing and deliver higher-quality recycled plastics, as well as extended producer responsibility fees or taxes to raise the cost of producing products that aren’t recyclable. The fees can provide needed funding to scale up recycling and other programs to reduce generation of plastic waste.

Since 2021, seven states have enacted extended producer responsibility laws focused on packaging: Maine, Oregon, California, Colorado, Minnesota, Washington and Maryland. However, it will take time to see the effects. Colorado’s final implementation plan, authorized in 2022, was approved only in late 2025. The first payment of extended producer responsibility fees to the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment are scheduled to begin in mid-2026.

Ultimately, reducing and better managing our nation’s plastic waste can help prevent global health harms.

Ellen Considine is an assistant professor in the CU �ֲ��ý Department of Geography whose research lies at the intersection of environmental change, health and wellbeing and data science.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

A lot of ‘recycled’ plastic is being burned overseas—and causing widespread pollution linked to health problems.

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Undergraduate Isabella Perrin named 2026 Cech Fellow

Rachel Sauer — Wed, 03 Jun 2026 23:12:39 +0000

Undergraduate Isabella Perrin named 2026 Cech Fellow Rachel Sauer Wed, 06/03/2026 - 17:12

The newly established fellowship, named in honor of CU �ֲ��ý Professor Thomas Cech, gives students opportunities for research, professional mentorship and career exploration

Isabella Perrin, a �ֲ��ý undergraduate student studying molecular, cellular and developmental biology and public health, has been selected as one of 176 inaugural Cech Fellows by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI).

The fellowship, awarded to an inaugural cohort of undergraduates from 109 institutions in 36 states and territories, is named in honor of Nobel laureate Thomas Cech, a CU �ֲ��ý distinguished professor of biochemistry, former HHMI president and current HHMI investigator.

The Cech Fellows will spend nine weeks this summer conducting hands-on research with HHMI scientists at universities and research institutions across the country, as well as at HHMI’s Janelia Research Campus in Virginia. They will contribute to research while receiving professional mentorship and exploring potential careers in biological and biomedical research.

"I’ve always believed that getting students into real research environments early is one of the most powerful things we can do for them and for science,” said Cech. “I’m deeply honored that this program carries my name, and I look forward to seeing what this first cohort of Fellows will go on to achieve.”

Leslie Vosshall, HHMI vice president and chief scientific officer, noted that a single summer in the right lab can kickstart a scientific career: “By asking real questions alongside scientists at the top of their fields, this year’s Cech Fellows will have the opportunity to see what a life in science actually looks like.”

Perrin, who is working with researchers at the University of California Berkeley this summer on immunology research about the pathways and mechanisms that relate to autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, has previously conducted RNA research with Robin Dowell, a professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology, and Mary Ann Allen, a research associate professor with the BioFrontiers Institute.

“As a Cech Fellow, I’m honored and excited to join a diverse community with engaging and curiosity-filled science research,” Perrin said. “I value this opportunity not only to learn from mentors and peers about how to conduct meaningful research but also to engage in research that, at its core, is based in bettering individuals’ quality of life.

“I hope to learn and use new skills to contribute to the field in a rigorous manner, and to use a creative mindset to approach challenging questions. I love learning about the capabilities and quirks of the immune system and am thrilled to be a part of a lab that focuses on applying this work to human health conditions.”

Summer research experiences are “often where undergraduates discover their passion for scientific inquiry,” said Joshua Hall, HHMI lead senior director and scientific program officer at HHMI. “The Cech Fellows Program gives talented students direct access to some of the most exciting science happening anywhere in the country, and we’re thrilled to welcome this inaugural cohort.”

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The newly established fellowship, named in honor of CU �ֲ��ý Professor Thomas Cech, gives students opportunities for research, professional mentorship and career exploration.

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CU �ֲ��ý debuts $33.5 million renovation to general chemistry labs

Rachel Sauer — Tue, 02 Jun 2026 14:45:03 +0000

CU �ֲ��ý debuts $33.5 million renovation to general chemistry labs Rachel Sauer Tue, 06/02/2026 - 08:45

Students participate in a chemistry class in one of the newly renovated lab spaces.

Bradley Worrell

The recently completed project increases the number of labs from 12 to 14 and includes a multitude of modernization and safety improvements

The �ֲ��ý Department of Chemistry recently debuted a new suite of general chemistry teaching labs in the Ekeley Sciences Building, part of a $33.5 million renovation project.

While Ekeley has had some updates over the years, the building was originally constructed in 1898, and the general chemistry spaces needed many improvements related to modernization, eco-conscious updates and safety optimization, said Chris Marelli, director of the general chemistry teaching labs. Funding for the project came from a mix of sources including the President’s Initiative, campus cash reserves and bond debt.

Students participate in a chemistry class in one of the newly renovated lab spaces.

Designed with both functionality and flexibility in mind, these updated lab spaces blend advanced technology with intentional design, Marelli said. Technological upgrades include a video calling system that allows graduate teaching assistants a direct line to lab staff during emergencies, updated engineering controls for improved safety, new HVAC systems for increased air flow and new touch-control fume hoods for improved safety. Additionally, new lighting and new A/V systems with projectors and screens or widescreen TVs replaced chalkboards. These new A/V technologies bring more state-of-the-art teaching into the labs, Marelli said.

The addition of wheelchair-accessible workstations in seven labs creates spaces that are both adaptable and inclusive, while collaborative workstations further support active learning, Marelli said. Three adjacent help rooms were also added, which can be configured as separate spaces or combined into a larger instructional area to accommodate varying instructional needs.

“All of the remodeling was completed with the goal of creating a better learning experience for students,” Marelli said. “These updated facilities will benefit not just our chemistry majors but all arts and sciences students who enroll in an undergraduate chemistry lab.”

To support the goal of making hands-on general chemistry learning accessible to such a wide student population, the number of general chemistry labs was increased from 12 to 14 during the renovation, thanks to creative spatial redesigns, Marelli said. The renovation prioritized efficient usage of the existing building footprint while widening hallways for safer pedestrian traffic patterns during class changeover periods, relocating the three help rooms and integrating better storage solutions into the lab spaces.

“We were at maximum capacity in our labs before; we can now accommodate an additional 400 students, allowing room for us to continue to grow our program moving forward,” Marelli said. The renovated labs will be able to accommodate an additional 1,000 students each year, he added.

Construction on the renovated lab spaces began in December 2025 and was spearheaded by Adolfson & Peterson Construction (A&P). Marelli and two of the general chemistry lab coordinators, Avery Hatch and Estrella Lastre, participated in meetings with A&P to provide insight into how students would use the lab spaces and helped guide project decisions for the renovation.

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The recently completed project increases the number of labs from 12 to 14 and includes a multitude of modernization and safety improvements.

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Matthew Olm named a 2026 Boettcher Investigator

Rachel Sauer — Fri, 29 May 2026 17:10:55 +0000

Matthew Olm named a 2026 Boettcher Investigator Rachel Sauer Fri, 05/29/2026 - 11:10

Grant will support Olm’s research on how diet and lifestyle shape the infant gut microbiome and immune disease risk

Matthew Olm, a �ֲ��ý assistant professor of integrative physiology, has been named a member of the 2026 class of Boettcher Investigators.

Olm is one of eight early-career biomedical researchers at four leading Colorado academic and research institutions who each will receive a $250,000 grant through the Boettcher Foundation’s Webb-Waring Biomedical Research Awards Program to fund up to three years of independent scientific research.

The Webb-Waring Biomedical Research Awards provide critical early-career support and position recipients to compete for additional private, state and federal research funding while helping Colorado retain top scientific talent, according to the Boettcher Foundation.

Matthew Olm, a �ֲ��ý assistant professor of integrative physiology, has been named a member of the 2026 class of Boettcher Investigators.

“The awards are critical to Colorado’s future because of the investment in researchers at one of the most important stages of their careers, when bold ideas have the potential to create lasting impact,” said Katie Kramer, president and CEO of the Boettcher Foundation, in an announcement of the awards. “Colorado’s leadership in bioscience depends on ensuring that emerging researchers have the resources to pursue innovative work.”

The Boettcher grant will support Olm’s research on how diet and lifestyle shape the infant gut microbiome and immune disease risk.

“Immune diseases like asthma, allergies and type 1 diabetes have exploded in industrialized countries over the past 100 years, but they are still rare in non-industrialized settings,” Olm says. “The microbes that colonize infant guts in the first year of life appear to be critical for training the human immune system, and we hypothesize that something about modern life is disrupting this process. This funding gives us the ability to compare infant microbiomes across the globe using cutting-edge immunological and bioinformatics techniques. We hope this work will ultimately lead to the development of strategies to restore the infant microbiome to its historical state to prevent immune diseases before they start.”

Olm, who earned his bachelor’s degree at the University of Pittsburgh and his PhD at the University of California Berkeley, leads the Integrative Microbiome Research Laboratory, where he and his research colleagues study the human microbiome as “an entire ecosystem of microscopic organisms that live on our skin and inside our body. These microbes are integrated into our immune, digestive and nervous systems and are critical to our overall wellbeing.”

Olm and his colleagues aim to increase understanding of the human microbiome and its connections to physiology and to apply these findings to improve human health using cutting-edge, computer-based analysis and experimental techniques to study the microbiome.

The lab’s current research topics include:

From where do we get our microbiome? How do our microbes spread from person to person?
How does the infant gut microbiome influence the development of allergies and auto-immune disease?
How does our intestinal immune system control our gut microbiome? How do failures in this control lead to disease?

�ֲ��ý the awards program

Since it began, the Webb-Waring Biomedical Research Awards Program has supported 121 Boettcher Investigators, including this year’s class, and awarded almost $29 million in grant funding. These researchers have gone on to secure more than $150 million in additional research funding from federal, state and private sources. The Boettcher Foundation’s Webb-Waring Biomedical Research Awards strengthen the state’s long-term competitiveness by helping emerging investigators accelerate breakthroughs for patients.

“Colorado’s future as a leading hub for health innovation depends on bold scientific thinking and sustained investment in emerging researchers,” said Elyse Blazevich, president and CEO of the Colorado BioScience Association, in an announcement of the awards. “The Boettcher Investigators are advancing high-impact discoveries across some of the most urgent challenges in human health while strengthening Colorado’s position as a center for biomedical research and innovation. These awards help accelerate breakthrough science, support exceptional talent, and reinforce the collaborative research environment that sets Colorado apart.”

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Grant will support Olm’s research on how diet and lifestyle shape the infant gut microbiome and immune disease risk.

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